Tax Increment Financing Contrasting Effects Essays - Urban Planning

Tax Increment Financing: Contrasting Effects suburbanization in america Limmer (1) AHousing is an outward expression of the inner human nature; no society can be understood apart from the residences of its [emailprotected] That is a quote from the suburban historian Kenneth T. Jackson, from his magnificent piece on suburbanization Crabgrass Frontier. Suburbanization has been probably the most significant factor of change in U.S. cities over the last 50 years, and began 150 years ago. It represents Aa reliance upon the private automobile, upward mobility, the separation of the family into nuclear units, the widening division between work and leisure, and a tendency toward racial and economic [emailprotected] Overall it may represent the change in attitude of the American people. Suburbanization has been occurring for the last 150 years in this country and in Europe, although the Europeans haven=t had the change that the United States has witnessed. The causes of change on such a larger scale can be pointed at four aspects of metropolitan areas also pointe d out in Jackson=s work on suburbanization. The first on is that Americans have such low density residential areas, and often their is not a distinction between urban and rural. Our cities were laid out over space, with even New York City and Philadelphia not as densely populated as some cities in Europe. The next distinguishing factor is a want to own a home. At least two-thirds of all Americans own their own home, with rates less than half of that present in cities in Europe. Next, is the average length that American travel to work, also being much higher than in other countries. Finally, the last distinguishing factor is that social status and income correlate with suburbs, the further away from the central business district, the higher the income level. It is believed that the average income in cities goes up 8% every mile away from the CBD, with their being many exceptions. Such an economic shift is identified as being a result of Awhite [emailprotected], where the urban Limmer (2) whites fled to the suburbs after WWII, with the immigrants, blacks, and rural dwellers moving in. The economy switched from an industrial economy to a post-industrial or service economy, with the older factories being replaced by smaller factories (computers, airplanes, appliances), requiring higher skilled workers. In effect these new factories were located outside the city in the suburbs. The central city would be left with nothing, and virtually no opportunities of any magnitude. Detroit is a city that I believe can be identified as the city which went through the greatest amount of change, being heavily relied on one industry. During the first half of the twentieth century, Detroit was probably the most economically booming city in the United States. Since about 1950, Detroit has gone from Aarsenal of [emailprotected], having one of the fastest growing populations and was home to the highest paid working-class workers as well, to losing nearly 1 million people. Many jobs we re also lost with many business leaving the city of today empty and sometimes complete city blocks left completely empty. Detroit has also been home to a host of infrastructure woes, as can be reflected in many other cities in the Industrial Belt of the northeast with decaying roads, sewers, and other physical features. What could cause a city to go from such a center of economic activity to a decayed, depopulated, and unemployed? Where did all of the poor come from? Why has racism played such a powerful role in Detroit the last fifty years? What happened to all of the activity and where did it move to? First, I will discuss the period before the great suburbanization process began, to get an idea of what type of shape the city was in. Then I will discuss how Detroit and it=s central city suffered from the process of suburbanization, movement of center of economic activity into counties to the north like Oakland, Macomb, and Livingston. Suburbanization is a complex process with many components, however I have identified four physical things and one Limmer (3) psychological factor that changed American cities. The wave of technological innovation such as the automobile, changes in government policy which brought about the

The 9 Literary Elements Youll Find In Every Story

The 9 Literary Elements You'll Find In Every Story SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The AP Literature exam is designed to test your ability to analyze literature. That means you’ll have to know how to use analytical tools, like literary elements, to uncover the meaning of a text. Because literary elements are present in every piece of literature (really!), they’re a good place to start when it comes to developing your analytical toolbox. In this article, we’ll give you the literary element definition, explain how a literary element is different from a literary device, and look at the top nine literary elements you need to know before taking the AP Literature exam. So let’s get started! WhatAre Literary Elements? Take a minute and imagine building a house. (Stick with us, here.) What are some of the things that you would absolutely have to include in order to make a house? Some of those non-negotiable elements are a roof, walls, a kitchen, and a bathroom. If you didn’t have these elements, you wouldn’t have a house. Heck, you might not even have a building! A literary element’s definition is pretty similar. Literary elements are the things that all literature- whether it’s a news article, a book, or a poem- absolutely have to have. Just like a house, the elements might be arranged slightly differently...but at the end of the day, they’re usually all present and accounted for. Literary elements are the fundamental building blocks of writing, and they play an important role in helping us write, read, and understand literature. You might even say that literary elements are the DNA of literature. How Is a Literary Element Different From a Literary Device? But wait! You’ve also learned about literary device (sometimes called literary techniques), which writers use to create literature! So what makes a literary element different from a literary device? Let’s go back to our house metaphor for a second. If literary elements are the must-have, cannot-do-without parts of a house, then literary elements are the optional decor. Maybe you like a classic style (a trope!), or perhaps you’re more of an eclectic kind of person (a conceit)! Just because you decorate your house like a crazy person doesn’t make it any less of a house. It just means you have a...unique personal style. Literary devices are optional techniques that writers pick and choose from to shape the style, genre, tone, meaning, and theme of their works. For example, literary devices are what make Cormac McCarthy’s western novel, Blood Meridian, so different from Matt McCarthy’s medical memoir, The Real Doctor Will See You Shortly. Conversely, literary elements- especially the elements that qualify both works as â€Å"books†- are what keep them shelved next to each other at Barnes Noble. They’re the non-negotiable things that make both works â€Å"literature.† Top 9 Literary Elements List (With Examples!) Now let’s take a more in-depth look at the most common elements in literature. Each term in the literary elements list below gives you the literary element definition and an example of how the elements work. #1: Language The most important literary element is language. Language is defined as a system of communicating ideas and feelings through signs, sounds, gestures, and/or marks. Language is the way we share ideas with one another, whether it’s through speech, text, or even performance! All literature is written in a recognizable language, since one of literature’s main goals is sharing ideas, concepts, and stories with a larger audience. And since there are over 6,900 distinct languages in the world, that means literature exists in tons of different linguistic forms, too. (How cool is that?!) Obviously, in order to read a book, you need to understand the language it’s written in. But language can also be an important tool in understanding the meaning of a book, too. For instance, writers can combine languages to help readers better understand the characters, setting, or even tone. Here’s an example of how Cherrie Moraga combines English and Spanish in her play, Heroes and Saints: Look into your children’s faces. They tell you the truth. They are our future. Pero no tendremos ningà ºn futuro si seguimos siendo và ­ctimas. Moraga’s play is about the plight of Hispanic migrant workers in the United States. By combining English and Spanish throughout the play, Moraga helps readers understand her characters and their culture better. #2: Plot The plot of a work is defined as the sequence of events that occurs from the first line to the last. In other words, the plot is what happens in a story. All literature has a plot of some kind. Most long-form literature, like a novel or a play, follows a pretty typical plot structure, also known as a plot arc. This type of plot has six elements: Beginning/Exposition: This is the very beginning of a story. During the exposition, authors usually introduce the major characters and settings to the reader. Conflict: Just like in real life, the conflict of a story is the problem that the main characters have to tackle. There are two types of conflict that you’ll see in a plot. The major conflict is the overarching problem that characters face. Minor conflicts, on the other hands, are the smaller obstacles characters have to overcome to resolve the major conflict. Rising Action: Rising action is literally everything that happens in a story that leads up to the climax of the plot. Usually this involves facing and conquering minor conflicts, which is what keeps the plot moving forward. More importantly, writers use rising action to build tension that comes to a head during the plot’s climax. Climax: The climax of the plot is the part of the story where the characters finally have to face and solve the major conflict. This is the â€Å"peak† of the plot where all the tension of the rising action finally comes to a head. You can usually identify the climax by figuring out which part of the story is the moment where the hero will either succeed or totally fail. Falling Action: Falling action is everything that happens after the book’s climax but before the resolution. This is where writers tie up any loose ends and start bringing the book’s action to a close. Resolution/Denouement: This is the conclusion of a story. But just because it’s called a â€Å"resolution† doesn’t mean every single issue is resolved happily- or even satisfactorily. For example, the resolution in Romeo and Juliet involves (spoiler alert!) the death of both main characters. This might not be the kind of ending you want, but it is an ending, which is why it’s called the resolution! If you’ve ever read a Shakespearean play, then you’ve seen the plot we outlined above at work. But even more contemporary novels, like The Hunger Games, also use this structure. Actually, you can think of a plot arc like a story’s skeleton! But what about poems, you ask? Do they have plots? Yes! They tend to be a little less dense, but even poems have things that happen in them. Take a look at â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† by Dylan Thomas. There’s definitely stuff happening in this poem: specifically, the narrator is telling readers not to accept death without a fight. While this is more simple than what happens in something like The Lord of the Rings, it’s still a plot! #3: Mood The mood of a piece of literature is defined as the emotion or feeling that readers get from reading the words on a page. So if you’ve ever read something that’s made you feel tense, scared, or even happy...you’ve experienced mood firsthand! While a story can have an overarching mood, it’s more likely that the mood changes from scene to scene depending on what the writer is trying to convey. For example, the overall mood of a play like Romeo and Juliet may be tragic, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t funny, lighthearted moments in certain scenes. Thinking about mood when you read literature is a great way to figure out how an author wants readers to feel about certain ideas, messages, and themes. These lines from â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou are a good example of how mood impacts an idea: You may shoot me with your words, You may cut me with your eyes,You may kill me with your hatefulness,But still, like air, I'll rise. What are the emotions present in this passage? The first three lines are full of anger, bitterness, and violence, which helps readers understand that the speaker of the poem has been terribly mistreated. But despite that, the last line is full of hope. This helps Angelou show readers how she won’t let others’ actions- even terrible ones- hold her back. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry from the Harry Potter book series #4: Setting Have you ever pictured yourself in living in the Gryffindor dormitories at Hogwarts? Or maybe you’ve wished you could attend the Mad Hatter’s tea party in Wonderland. These are examples of how settings- especially vivid ones- capture readers’ imaginations and help a literary world come to life. Setting is defined simply as the time and location in which the story takes place. The setting is also the background against which the action happens. For example, Hogwarts becomes the location, or setting, where Harry, Hermione, and Ron have many of their adventures. Keep in mind that longer works often have multiple settings. The Harry Potter series, for example, has tons of memorable locations, like Hogsmeade, Diagon Alley, and Gringotts. Each of these settings plays an important role in bringing the Wizarding World to life. The setting of a work is important because it helps convey important information about the world that impact other literary elements, like plot and theme. For example, a historical book set in America in the 1940s will likely have a much different atmosphere and plot than a science fiction book set three hundred years in the future. Additionally, some settings even become characters in the stories themselves! For example, the house in Edgar Allen Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† becomes the story’s antagonist. So keep an eye out for settings that serve multiple functions in a work, too. #5: Theme All literary works have themes, or central messages, that authors are trying to convey. Sometimes theme is described as the main idea of a work...but more accurately, themes are any ideas that appear repeatedly throughout a text. That means that most works have multiple themes! All literature has themes because a major purpose of literature is to share, explore, and advocate for ideas. Even the shortest poems have themes. Check out this two line poem, â€Å"My life has been the poem I would have writ,† from Henry David Thoreau: My life has been the poem I would have writ But I could not both live and utter it. When looking for a theme, ask yourself what an author is trying to teach us or show us through their writing. In this case, Thoreau is saying we have to live in the moment, and living is what provides the material for writing. #6: Point of View Point of view is the position of the narrator in relationship to the plot of a piece of literature. In other words, point of view is the perspective from which the story is told. We actually have a super in-depth guide to point of view that you can find here. But here’s the short version: literature can be written from one of four points of view. First person: This is told by one of the characters of the story from their perspective. You can easily identify first-person points of view by looking for first-person pronouns, like â€Å"I,† â€Å"you,† and â€Å"my.† Second person: second-person point of view happens when the audience is made a character in the story. In this instance, the narrator uses second person pronouns, like â€Å"you† and â€Å"your.† If you ever get confused, just remember that â€Å"Choose Your Own Adventure† books use second person. Third person limited: this is when the narrator is removed from the story and tells it from an outside perspective. To do this, the narrator uses pronouns like â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† and â€Å"they† to refer to the characters in the story. In a third person limited point of view, this narrator focuses on the story as it surrounds one character. It’s almost like there’s a camera crew following the protagonist that reports on everything that happens to them. Third person omniscient: in this point of view, the narrator still uses third-person pronouns...but instead of being limited to one character, the narrator can tell readers what’s happening with all characters at all times. It’s almost like the narrator is God: they can see all, hear all, and explain all! Point of view is an important literary element for two reasons. First, it helps us better understand the characters in a story. For example, a first person point of view lets readers get to know the main character in detail, since they experience the main character’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. Second, point of view establishes a narrator, or a character whose job it is to tell the story, which we’ll talk about in the next section! #7: Narrator Like we just mentioned, the narrator is the person who’s telling the story. All literature has a narrator, even if that narrator isn’t named or an active part of the plot. Here’s what we mean: when you read a newspaper article, it’s the reporter’s job to tell you all the details of a particular event. That makes the reporter the narrator. They’re taking a combination of interviews, research, and their own eyewitness account to help you better understand a topic. The same is true for the narrator of a book or poem, too. The narrator helps make sense of the plot for the reader. It’s their job to explain, describe, and even dramatically reveal plot points to the audience. Here’s an example of how one of the most famous narrators in literature, John Watson, explains Sherlock Holmes’ character to readers in A Study in Scarlet: He was not studying medicine. He had himself, in reply to a question, confirmed Stamford’s opinion upon that point. Neither did he appear to have pursued any course of reading which might fit him for a degree in science or any other recognized portal which would give him an entrance into the learned world. Yet his zeal for certain studies was remarkable, and within eccentric limits his knowledge was so extraordinarily ample and minute that his observations have fairly astounded me. Surely no man would work so hard or attain such precise information unless he had some definite end in view. Desultory readers are seldom remarkable for the exactness of their learning. No man burdens his mind with small matters unless he has some very good reason for doing so. John Watson tells the story from a first person perspective (though that’s not evident in this quote). That means he’s giving readers his own perspective on the world around him, which includes Sherlock Holmes. In this passage, readers learn about Holmes’ peculiar learning habits, which is just another part of his extraordinary nature. Grant Snider/Incidental Comics #8: Conflict Because conflict is a part of plot- and as we’ve already established, all literature has some sort of plot- that means conflict is a literary element, too. A conflict is the central struggle that motivates the characters and leads to a work’s climax. Generally, conflict occurs between the protagonist, or hero, and the antagonist, or villain...but it can also exist between secondary characters, man and nature, social structures, or even between the hero and his own mind. More importantly, conflict gives a story purpose and motivates a story’s plot. Put another way, conflict causes the protagonist to act. Sometimes these conflicts are large in scale, like a war...but they can also be small, like conflict in a relationship between the hero and their parents. One of the most important things to understand about conflict is it can be both explicit and implicit. Explicit conflict is explained within the text; it’s an obvious moment where something goes wrong and characters have to fix it. Bram Stoker’s Dracula uses explicit conflict to fuel its plot: a vampire has come to England, and the heroes in the story have to kill him as soon as possible. Implicit conflict is more common in poetry, where there isn’t a specific occurrence that obviously screams, â€Å"this is a problem.† Instead, you have to read between the lines to find the conflict that’s motivating the narrator. Take a look at Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† for an example of implicit conflict in action: How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of being and ideal grace.I love thee to the level of every day’sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for right.I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death. The conflict here is actually a happy one: the narrator is so in love that she’s struggling with expressing the depth of her emotion! Cyanide and Happiness/Explosm.net #9: Characters A piece of literature has to have at least one character, which can be a person, an object, or an animal. While there are many different character types (and archetypes!), we’re going to talk about the two you absolutely need to know: the protagonist and the antagonist. The protagonist of a work is its main character. The plot circles around this person or object, and they are central to solving the conflict of the story. Protagonists are often heroic, but they don’t have to be: many stories focus on the struggles of average people, too. For the most part, protagonists are the characters that you remember long after the book is over, like Katniss Everdeen, David Copperfield, Sherlock Holmes, and Hester Prynne. Antagonists, on the other hand, are the characters that oppose the protagonist in some way. (This opposition is what causes the conflict of the story!) There can be multiple antagonists in a story, though usually there’s one major character, animal, or object that continues to impede the protagonist’s progress. If you ever forget what an antagonist is, just think of your favorite Disney villains. They’re some of the best bad guys out there! What's Next? If you’re not taking AP practice tests, there’s no way to know how you’ll do when you’re taking the exam for real. Here’s a list of practice tests for every AP exam, including the AP literature exam. It might seem like extra work, but we promise- practice tests are one of the best ways to help you improve your score! Listen: we know you’re busy, so it can be hard to schedule time to study for an AP test on top of your extracurriculars and normal class work. Check out this article on when you need to start studying for your AP tests to make sure you’re staying on track. What does a good AP score look like, anyway? Here’s a list of the average AP scores for every single AP test. This is great for seeing how your practice scores stack up against the national average.

Discussion Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion Topics - Essay Example (The Gilder, 2009) The Civil Rights Movement is very important in American history because it consequently put a stop to obvious discrimination and abuse of people who helped America gain freedom and prosperity. Despite the optimism of the times, African Americans were still being looked down on in American society. I have chosen Rosa Parks as someone who played a very significant role in post-war America. Rosa Parks was just a civilian but what she did on the bus in Montgomery, not giving up her seat in the colored section of the bus for a white person, sparked much needed reform. Mrs. Sparks had paid the right fare and was seated in the right section of the bus. However, because preference was given to white people that time, Mrs. Sparks was ordered to move. The simple act of Mrs. Sparks, even if she got arrested for it, helped bring about tremendous change in the life of African Americans. Thanks to Mrs. Sparks and other like her who fought for the recognition of black people, the white people stopped treating African Americans as lesser individuals and instead, the â€Å"white† society started treating â€Å"black people† as equals. African Americans were given the rightful privileges due to them as citizens of the United States. The Gilder Lehrman Insitute of American History. (Producer). Anthony Badger on the Civil Rights Movement. Historians on Postwar America. Podcast retrieved from

Time management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Time management - Assignment Example Another skill that I have acquired is the importance of team work especially when dealing with sociological challenges that have an implication on the economic performance of any country. This is evident on the initiative to involve various individuals including counselors, mentors, law enforcement officers, and clinical officers. Through the collaboration of the various professionals with diversified skills and experience, the problems faced by juvenile adolescent males will be significantly mitigated. Proper time management Proper time management and scheduling of activities is a major skill that I have gained though the program proposal. I have understood that for the success of any program, it is imperative to allocate adequate time to ensure each and every activity is effectively undertaken. In this program, the major activities included training on time management, counseling, training on the entrepreneurial skills, communication skills and group mentoring. To ensure that the p articipants will have adequate time to learn the various skills as outlined on the time table, I have indicated the time and the occurrence of the activities. In the same way, I have acquired skills on how to prepare a work plan that involves the date of the commencement of the activities as well as the deadline and the occurrence of the activities. This is a very crucial skill that I will put into practice during my future careers as a project manager. The importance of program evaluation In the process of preparing the program proposal, my skills of program evaluation have been enhanced. Most importantly, I have gained an extensive knowledge on how to implement logic model during evaluating my future program as an administrator (McLaughlin and Jordan, 1999). In addition, I have understood on how to put in place the appropriate inputs during evaluation in order to attain the preset program objectives. Effective allocation of resources, staff support and recruitment In the contempor ary business world, stiff competition has been experienced as firms compete for the available resources to maximize their outputs. Through this program proposal, I have gained an appropriate knowledge on how to allocate the available resources to ensure that goals of a program are achieved. In addition, during the preparation of the line item budget, I was exposed to various expenses that a program should cover in order to retain a motivated work force. These expenses include salaries, Medicaid, health insurance, professional dues, training as well as travelling and car allowances. By covering these expenses, employee’s productivity is improved and the continuity of the program is enhanced. Similarly, I have gained skills on how to undertake employee’s recruitment process to ensure that the activities of the program are on the hands of experienced and well educated personnel. Searching for sources of funds In my efforts to prepare the program proposal, I have gained sk ills on how to search for appropriate sources of funds that will provide adequate financial assistance during the implementation of programs especially those dealing with juvenile delinquency and youth education. It is worth to note that various state, local and federal agencies have put in place various eligibility criteria that beneficiaries must adopt in order

MICROECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MICROECONOMIC - Essay Example What is the marginal cost and marginal benefit of another hour’s ticket inspecting? ? PAY/?HOURS=0. However, the marginal benefit for the first hour is high, while the marginal cost is low. In the second hour, the marginal benefit is high but lower than the marginal benefit obtained in the first hour (Heijdra and Ploeg, 2002, p.124). On the other hand, the marginal cost for the second hour is higher than the marginal cost of the first hour. This trend continues as the number of hours progresses. Thus, parking inspectors can only increase or decrease the number of checks depending on their levels of satisfactions. c) What would happen to Deakin’s revenue from parking (income from permits and fines) and to Deakin’s costs of enforcing parking restrictions if the likelihood of being fined if you don’t have a permit is 100%? What about if it is 0%? The revenues of the company are likely to increase if a fine for lack of permits is 100%. However, people may beco me vigilant and decide to obtain the permits. In such a case, the revenues would only depend on individuals found without permits. The costs would still remain the same since the company would have finances for its operations. In case the fine for not having permits is 0%, the revenues of the company would decline. It would depend on other revenue streams. Additionally, costs for offering parking services would use up the finances of the company. d) Minimizing the costs of parking Daily fees =$ 6 Total number of days =96. Total cost of parking for the student = cost of daily fees x number of days attended =6 x96= $596. The student is better off not buying daily permits because it will cost higher than the inclusive triple Tri-semester parking fee which is =$125. On the other hand, the student will be better of buying the yearly permit which costs $250. This is because in a year, Tri-semester fees will cost 125 x3= 375. Question 2: Prices and revenue a) Draw demand and supply diagram s to illustrate these two different markets. Make sure you label your diagrams, their axes and all relevant points. Price/charge supply curve y P2 P1 x Original dd curve 0 A2 A1 Number of car park permits According to the advice by the economists, reducing the number of permits from A1 to A2 would result in to more revenues. At A1 number of permits, the revenues that Deakin collects is represented by area A1 0 P1 X. When the number of permits is reduced to the level A2, t he price/charge increases from P1 to P2. The revenue collected after the change in number of permits is represented by A2 0 P2 Y. The economists estimates that the area A2 0 P2 Y will be larger than A1 0 P1 X. If it is larger, then the Deakin’s can increase revenues by reducing the number of permits. In other words, incase the recommendations by the economists is implemented, the quantity of permits will reduce, the prices charged will increase and the revenues will increase. b) Why does restricting the numb er of permits increase revenue for Deakin, but reduce it for the council? Explain what factors might bring about the different results in the two markets. According to the advice given to the local council, reduction in the number of permits will result in to reduction of revenues. This means that, if the council reduces the number of per

Theories for Employee Motivation

Theories for Employee Motivation At the dawn of this millennium, Milner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in eyes of scholars. It is a known fact that various organizations have resorted to different strategies to boost staff motivation, create a comfortable work environment and consequently, increase output. Motivation can be analyzed from various perspectives but for the purpose of this essay, it would be examined from a work related point of view. Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individuals being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder, 2005). We can therefore rightfully infer that motivation is a psychological process developing from contact between an individual and his environment. To understand motivation, one must understand the aspirations of a living being. Several motivation theories have been proposed to explain these human aspirations at different times and by diverse people. Motivation theories are broadly divided into two but for this essay, two theories, one from each broad group has selected for analysis. They are; Maslows hierarchy of needs theory (content theory) and Expectancy theory (process theory) They will be reviewed, evaluated and compared, highlighting individual strengths and limitations. They also would be used to determine the extent to which they influence individual motivation of people in the work place. Furthermore information collated from completed questionnaires by employees on what motivates them will be summarized and compared with the theory propositions to ascertain practical relevance. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW An appropriate starting note would be answering the question, what is motivation? A suitable definition would be the cognitive decision-making process, through which goal-directed behaviour is initiated, energized, directed and maintained (Buchanan Huczynski 2010, p. 267). The need to study motivation, its stimulators and extinguishers remain very vital. Its importance to managers cannot be over emphasized. Understanding the concept of motivation would equip managers with the right skills to encourage subordinates, accomplish organizational goals, increase output and also improve their quality of life. Motivation is a combination of choice and intention. It has come to a conclusion that individuals dissent to their motivational state and the elements that influence it. 2.1 MOTIVATION THEORIES Motivation theories are generally categorized under two broad groups content theory and process theory. Although there is no universally accepted theory that applies to everyone, each can help in different work scenarios. An attempt has been made to explain the variability noticed in the decisions people make about what they do at work, their commitment and the strength they utilize in achieving goals using motivational theories. Content theories of motivation question the perspective that views motivation in terms of individuals goals. Examples of content theories include Herzbergs Two-factor theory and Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. While process theories view motivation in terms of the decision making process influencing an individuals choice of goals. Examples are Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory and Goal Setting Theory. Different content and process theories have been formulated having specific application to motivation with reference to work context. 2.1.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Content theory) According to R. Dailey (2008), Maslow proposed that people are motivated by the longing to gratify particular needs. He went on to arrange this needs in a given order starting with the most basic needs which he called lower level needs and rising to the higher level needs. He maintained that the lower level needs must be majorly satisfied before higher level needs and that a satisfied need seizes to be a motivator. Below are briefly described the different needs starting with the lower level needs. Physiological Needs these refer to basic needs required for survival and they include food, water, shelter, air. Some researchers have added money to this group arguing that it has the capacity to provide some of the needs. Security Needs these reefers to the general concern of an individual to feel safe, stable and the absence of pain in his environment both physically and psychologically. Social Belongingness Needs these refer to the desire for affiliation, friendship, love and being accepted by others as a result of interaction and association. Theoretically, people who reach this level have primarily satisfied physiological and safety needs and are now concerned with establishing satisfying relationships. (Hitt, Miller, and Colella, 2009). Esteem Needs these refer to perceptions of personal value as a result of admiration from fellow individuals. When employees have attained a certain level in the organizational hierarchy, they yearn for recognition, fame and power owing to previous achievements. Self-actualization Needs the need for self-actualization sits at the top of Maslows hierarchy and few people are deemed to have attained this level. They are generally driven by the desire to utilize their skill and maximize their potential. They always seek new ground breaking opportunities to bring into play their skills which greatly motivate them. Some other factors were originally included in Maslows needs but have been omitted by subsequent researchers. They are To know and to understand Aesthetics Transcendence Freedom of enquiry and expression They come in this order respectively between esteem needs and self-actualization needs. According to Maslow, the most potent way of motivating individuals is by provision of their primary needs which is the lowest unsatisfied need (Gordon, 1996). 2.2 Expectancy Theory (Process theory) People are motivated to work or involve in a process only when they are assured of or perceive personal benefit. The process through which outcomes become desirable is explained by the expectancy theory (Buchanan Huczynski, 2010). This theory thus goes along to prove that we act in manners that facilitate the accomplishment of appreciated goals. It helps in explaining employee behaviours relating to issues such as career choice, performance, joining a new organization, absenteeism, turnover and leadership effectiveness (Dailey, 2008). Expectancy theory was stated as a function of three concepts: valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Mathematically, it can be expressed as Motivation = V x I x E ( Valence x Instrumentality x Expectancy) If any of the values has zero value, then consequently, motivation is zero. Valence can be said to be personal value placed on a reward or the perceived value of an outcome. Since it is subjective, that means valence comes across to various people in different ways. Employees ascribe valences to specific outcomes and they can be either negative or positive. A negative valence can be linked to undesirable outcomes and consequently makes employee exhibit avoidance behaviours. Instrumentality is the personal belief that good performance would produce valued rewards. It can also be positive or negative. While positive instrumentality refers to the employee belief that good performance would lead to desired rewards, negative instrumentality means the opposite. Expectancy is the personal belief that effort would lead to good performance. When employees decide to dedicate time and energy to a job, they expect positive outcomes. Contrastingly, there would be no perceived effort if the employee believes that it would not bring about positive performance. It is also noteworthy that performance feedback would boost effort. Diagrammatically, expectancy theory can be summarized by the figure below. Motivational Force = Effort Performance Outcome 1 V1 Outcome 2 V2 Outcome 3 V3 E = Expectancy I = Instrumentality V = Valence 1 = Not valued at all 2 = Not strongly valued 3 = Strongly valued Fig 1.0: Expectancy Theory Model 2.3 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES The strengths and weaknesses of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and the Expectancy theory have been summarized in the tables below. STRENGTHS MASLOWS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY Shows the essence of consulting with employees and giving them a sense of belonging within the company. Strong empirical support. Shows a simple, reasonable description of human behaviour. Reflects importance of consistent rewards. It still remains very influential Recognizes individual differences. Encourages employee career development. Provides explicit ways to increase employee motivation. WEAKNESSES MASLOWS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY Lacks empirical validity. Using the components individually cannot strongly predict motivation. Focused only on positive growth without reflecting the possibility of a relapse in individuals. Assumes behaviour is rational. Does not hold universally Predictive power low for uncertain environments. Does not take individual differences into consideration. Questionable view of humans. 3.0 DATA ANALYSIS Those selected for the survey cut across multicultural backgrounds, different kinds of jobs ranging from white collar jobs to ordinary jobs and different organizational levels managers and subordinates. The questions were carefully selected to prove or disprove the validity of the theories. (See attached questionnaire in Appendix 1). Beginning with Maslows theory, the effect of physiological needs was undoubtedly reflected in the survey. 80% strongly agreed that the absence of physiological needs would adversely affect their motivation. Another issue is the contention over social needs. While 40% strongly accept the need to be socially accepted, a close 30% argue that the need to be accepted would not have any adverse on their output not because they lack emotions but owing to the nature of their work e.g. scientific research. Some others strongly underplayed the effect of social needs claiming that they boosted their self confidence by themselves and did not need to be accepted to be motivated which contradicts Maslows theory. The result also shows a very strong point that cut across the entire respondents which is the effect of pay. The survey results are summarized in the figure below. Fig 3.0 MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY ANALYSIS For the expectancy theory, the components instrumentality, valence and expectancy were generally accepted though the percentage for those that strongly agreed was not overwhelming. 30% strongly agreed to the influence of instrumentality, 30% for valence and 40% for expectancy. Worthy of note is the feedback factor whose importance is overwhelmingly obvious from the figure below (80%). But most interestingly is the fact that even though 80% strongly subscribed to motivation from a good pay check, a stunning 60% agreed that they would accept a more interesting job for a pay cut (question 1). A general summary of the survey relating to the expectancy theory is shown in the figure below. Fig 3.1 EXPECTANCY THEORY RESULT ANALYSIS 3.1 EVALUATION OF THEORIES The answers to the questionnaire would seem to indicate that workers were not remarkably convinced that good performance would lead to valuable rewards which raise a strong concern about the motivation of workers in todays organizations. The argument is that if the employees do not see a clear pathway from excellent performance to valued rewards, motivation would be on the decline with the effects clearly obvious. Moreover, 60% of the respondents opted for a more interesting work with less pay. This shows a path to self-actualization and that more value placed on it. When the job is more interesting, that provides the employee with an atmosphere to exploit his potentials hoping for a valued reward. This further explains the concept of instrumentality because respondents placed more value on job satisfaction. The last two questions were intended to get firsthand the kind of rewards that truly appeal to individuals and to give them an opportunity to say what really motivates them. 70% of the respondents had financial rewards as their first choice and it was followed by recognition with a close score of 60%. This reflects Maslows social and belongings need and also his esteem needs on one hand and the valence component of the expectancy theory. This shows a relationship in both theories when compared. Also very prominent was the feedback factor equally portrayed by the two theories. Equally significant was the choice of promotion and self-actualization as valuable rewards. Promotion as an example of instrumentality can also boost esteem needs. The survey results highlighted show very close similarities between Maslows hierarchy of needs and the Expectancy theory. Even though they were proposed by various people and ages ago, they have stood the test of time and are still very valuable today. The results also prove that motivation is dependent on the individual and the environment. 3.2 PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Most work places meet the first two basic needs going by Maslows hierarchy needs theory. Employers meet physiological needs by paying wages and salaries which can provide food and shelter. In most countries, they are also obligated by law to meet the next level of needs by providing safe and secure work places. To meet the next level of needs, managers need to encourage team work. The work environment is a social place and at that team spirit should be developed. Managers should go a long way to foster socialization and a sense of belonging through effective internal communication, social gatherings, etc. If this is done, a better working environment would be created, social needs provided and motivation heading north. An appropriate reward system is very essential and would go a long way to meet esteem needs. Clear links should be made between efforts and goals and an appraisal system which recognizes achievement using valued rewards like pay rises, executive official cars and promotions should be put in place. These things also attach a status symbol to their office which promotes esteem. Evidently, the esteem of people in diverse jobs is boosted in different ways. If managers possess the ability to assess and channel instrumentality rightly, motivation would be surely achieved. All management policies that crack, resist, alter or bend instrumentalities should be looked into to avoid lowering employee effort and performance. Self-actualization, sitting on the top of Maslows hierarchy can be likened to valued reward instrumentality in the expectancy theory and this would not immediately come to everybody as achievable through work but it actually is. Managers should ensure quality training and support so as to achieve clear performance goals and provide an avenue to inspire innovation. When employees are faced with challenging goals and can see a clear path to positive instrumentality through expectancy then this objective is feasible and personal growth achieved. On the contrary, self-actualization has been found to play a marginal role in some cultures. Japanese cultures offer jobs for life which seem to meet only physiological needs and promotions based on seniority which diminishes the longing for self-actualization in the work place. Also in some highly collectivist cultures, attempts to be personally innovative may be deemed as aberrant (Hofstede, 1991). 4.0 CONCLUSION The present study attempts to crystallize certain factors which influence motivation by analyzing the relationship between employees, employers and the work environment. Both Maslows theory and Expectancy theory can explain motivation only to a certain magnitude from various view points. Maslows theory proposes that individuals are motivated based on drives and needs while expectancy theory postulates that choices are made based on how we make choices with respect to goals. The response from the questionnaires corroborated aspects of both theories but highlighted the great importance of pay and feedback in influencing motivation. It is recommended that managers and employers pay great attention to these factors amongst the rest. As hinted previously, no theory can conclusively explain the concept of motivation. The relevance of these theories cannot be over emphasized or neglected. They have had a substantial impact on managers directly and employers as a whole in helping to find out how and what to do to boost employee motivation. In addition, they have generated further interests in the area of specialization. The most significant limitation to this survey was the restriction to the number of people surveyed and the difficulty in convincing unskilled workers to partake in the survey.

Comparison of A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby Essay -- Ernest

Comparison of A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby The author’s style from Ernest Hemigway’s A Farewell to Arms differ from F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby in many ways. Fitzgerald uses a more reflective style of writing meaning that he makes his characters reflect and the theme also includes reflection from the reader as well as the plot. On the other hand, Hemingway uses a more self-interest style with its theme, characters, and plot, meaning that he makes this book on his own personal experiences that cause the theme, plot and characters to differ in many ways. For example, the styles in which the characters are described are very different. Hemingway makes his characters less educated and from a lower social ranking than the characters from The Great Gatsby. Fredrick Henry, who is the main character in A Farewell to Arms, is less educated than Nick Carraway who is the main character in The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby also has a totally opposite theme than A Farewell to Arms because the them es that are employed by Fitzgerald’s book, are more about corruption of American youth and the education of young Americans while in Hemingway’s book, the themes are related to war and love. The plot from A Farewell to Arms is also very much different from the plot in The Great Gatsby whose plot is about five friends who meet this â€Å"millionaire† and all the time, he was lying about the money he had. H had said to be millionaire but wasn’t. In A Farewell to Arms, the plot is much more different emphasizing on a much more complicated problem. The plot is about Fredrick Henry who is an ambulance driver and deals with war issues during World War I. Fredrick Henry from Hemingway’s book is very different from Nick Carraway from Fitzgerald’s book. Henry is a young, ambulance driver that serves for the Italian army during the First World War. Henry is a very disciplined and courageous young European boy that discovers love with Catherine Barkley, an American nurse whose fiancà © was killed during a battle between Germany and Italy during World war I. Frederic Henry is an immature, troubled young man, caught in a terrible war. He is very much involved with drinking and picking up women only to have sex with them. On the other hand, Nick Carraway is a more centered young boy who went to Yale University and graduated with a major in business bon... ...In A Farewell to Arms, many upcoming events from the war lead the two happily united love partners to separate and take their own ways because of their jobs and then they reunite back together when Fredrick is severely injured by a bomb and is taken to a nearby hospital in which Catherine is the head, leading nurse and she takes care of him and they get married. In conclusion, The Great Gatsby is not related to A Farewell to Arms because of the ways the two aurthoprs express themselves. Fitzgerald uses a more reflective style of writing while Hemingway uses a more self-interest style with its theme, characters, and plot. The styles in which the characters are described are very different in both of the books. The Great Gatsby also has a totally opposite theme than A Farewell to Arms because the themes that are employed by Fitzgerald’s book, are more about corruption of American youth and the education of young Americans while in Hemingway’s book, the themes are related to war and love. The plot from A Farewell to Arms is also very much different from the plot in The Great Gatsby . These two books could never be compared due to their style in which the author has written them.

America Decline Essay

â€Å"America’s present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration.† This famous sentence pronounced by Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, at the beginning of his office in 1921, could be, from certain points of view, perfectly adapted today. In fact, America’s situation and future for four decades, has been largly debated. Is she in decline? Is she stil an empire, a power, a hyperpower? Two English professors : Michael Cox and Michael John Williams, both experts in this question, looked into this problem. Professor Cox, first, drew a pessimistic view of America in his essay Is the United States in decline-again? In response to this essay, M.J.Williams wrote The empire writes back where he explains how much Cox’s argument about America’s decline are false. Professor Cox, in his essay Is the United States in decline-again explains his theory about America’s decline. As we can see in the title America would be in decline â€Å"again†. In fact, until 1968 and during two decades the debate about America’s decline was in the air. People were talking about it, people were feeling it, people were reading it. They particularly read the work of Kennedy, an english historian who wrote The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. In his famous book, Kennedy had two major propositions to explain United States’s decline. The first one was based in a realist notion : the fact that all empires has a finite lifepan. The second was empiric : America’s century was simply coming to his end, faster than anyone expected. This decline had differents causes : the defeat in Vietnam, the rising of the national debt, and above all, the â€Å"emergence of a more complex interdependant world† (Cox, 2007, 645), and this new worl d would completely change USA’s place in the world. Yet, in the nineties, things took a totally different turn. In fact, with the Gulf war of 91, the failure of Europe to resolve Yougolslavie’s issue, the economic crisis in Japan and then the Asian economic crisis, USA refound its place of first Power and everybody forgot the decline’s question during one decade. The major point wich changed everything for the USA was the end of the cold war, wich caused the  dissolution of the USSR and consequently the collapse of only one alternative for the world : capitalism. At this moment started a new era, for the USA and for the world : â€Å"The world system had finally been united† (Cox, 2007, 648) The nature of the USA changed with this new era : the USA became a modern empire, a hegemon, a hyperpower. They changed a lot in their forein policy : they set up a massive military lead, an extensive system of global alliances, a massive intelligence gathering and a global culture and economy. Under Clinton’s administration they also started to change the bases of their policy which became more unilateralist : â€Å"always more unilaterally inclined than their multilateral rethoric seemed to imply† (Cox, 2007, 648). The symbol of this unilateralism has been the invasion of Irak and Afghanistan after the events of the nine of eleven. In fact, they decided, against other coutry’s view to start a war, to fulfill their duty in fighting â€Å"the rogues sates† and declaring one each against Irak Afghanistan,Iran, North corea.. They found a new doctrine and it led them to their loss : â€Å"The US comitted one of the most basic of great power errorss : getting stuck into a quagmire in a country it would have been better to leave be† (Cox, 2007, 650). This events had serious consequences, the Third world changed totally his point of view about USA and many of them started to be be hostile towards them. Further, USA ignored the international laws and made huge dammages to the liberal order and to trust between countries. In the same time the other powers in the world are rising : Europe and china are playing more effetively wich â€Å"altere the way international relations are now conducted†. In fact USA are now constently challenged from the euro, from the other competitors as Toyota, even from the other towns as London wich is now the first stock exchange in the world. American start to feel that USA is changing : the majority of the middle and working class are in a sombre mood, the inequalities and the insecurity are increasing and so are their personal debt. To Cox’s point of view, even if USA is stile a refence point, challenging times are now arrived.

The Glass Menagerie

A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite. The Glass Menagerie A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite.

Helen of troy willing resident

Helen of troy willing resident The question of whether Helen is a willing resident or a captive resident of Troy is explained in The Iliad, Book III. I believe that Helen is a captive resident of Troy. With the help of Aphrodit ª, Alexandros seduces Helen, and she temporarily falls in love with him. He then carries her away from her home in Lacedaimon. When the fighting starts, it has little affect on Helen, but then Iris informs her that Alexandros and Menelaos are going to fight for her. This makes Helen come out of the trance of love and she feels miserable and extremely homesick. She misses her husband Menelaos, whom she truly loves, as well as her family and friends back home in Lacedaimon. It is because of Aphrodit ª, Helen has stayed with Alexandros so long and laid with him in bed.When Iris, messenger of the gods, tells Helen that Alexandros and Melelaos are going to fight for her, she reacts with sorrow and regret.DTM Alexandros Margaritis

Legal System of The United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal System of The United States - Essay Example Each state government within the US is independent in governing its people. Presently, there are 50 US states which are self-governing and make their own decisions. Federalism is quite domineering in reference to the America’s legal system because the Constitution defines the rights and obligations of each individual state in direct relation the federal government. Basically, the purpose of this essay is to augment this argument that the legal system of America cannot be explicated without discussing federalism because both are closely connected. The following discussion will scrutinize many impacts executed by federalism on the US legal system. There is huge federal involvement in many justice functions that are left to be performed by the national and state governments. This federal involvement in the justice and law enforcement area has not always been so conspicuous throughout the US history as it is now. Now, the federal government regularly contributes to assisting the a dministration in control of the Department of Justice and makes a number of critically important recommendations. It is suggested that the greatest involvement of federalism in law enforcement that was ever witnessed in the US history was during the Nixon Administration (Meese). It was under the governance of late US President Nixon that federalism really picked momentum and gained confidence in the actual functioning process of law enforcement. Prior to the Nixon rule, there was hardly any noticeable presence of federalism, but following that and in every successive governing period the Congress is seen to be considerably influenced by this particular political ideology. While many potential benefits are offered by federal involvement in crime control and justice department, there are also some disadvantages. Critics see many problems attached to federalism playing a potential role in local crime control in each state and it is even thought that the underlying motives of federal in volvement can be unauthentic and flawed. The influence inflicted by federalism on local law enforcement agencies is undeniable, but it cannot always be justified or considered necessary. It is one of the not so positive impacts produced by federalism on the legal system of the US that whenever the Congress perceives any law or penalty to be politically outstanding and practical, it decides to sign it and implement it in the state even when it is not necessary and regardless of the nature of the law. The bedrock of the federal system is constructed by effective distribution of control between the national and state governments (Federalism Overview). The legal system in the US is heavily inspired by the political philosophy of federalism which explains why all 50 self-governing states in the US have the power to define their own standards which may not be similar to those of the federal government. Both national and state governments are in charge of devising very important national p olicies which have huge repercussions for the public. But, there is a division of control between the central government and each of the 50 states and the roots of this division are entrenched in federalism. There is such heavy involvement of federalism now in every legal area and national or local policies that the legal system of the US cannot be studied or assessed now in separation from federalism because they are not separate subjects now but have blended into one over time. It is

Art and gender assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and gender assignment - Essay Example Including my teddy bear in the assemblage, was to bring out a part of me; which every girl has. As females develop, they are showered with toys that comprise of nursing and home care (Robinson et al 132). Adding the teddy bear in the assemblage will point out that this assemblage was made by a girl. All girls have secrets, and all teenage girls have diaries where they lash out their daily experiences and crushes; that are why I included my dairy. The last item I included in my diary was my lip balm. Females tend to take care of themselves, making their images their top most priority, which is the reason of including the lip balm. I arranged the assemblage to resemble a collage with a pink background; so as to communicate gender. Females are linked with the color pink, and all the items arranged in the collage are in a circular manner, expressing that they all help females run their lives. I hope to communicate to all viewers that the female gender is sensitive, caring, loving, friendly, and compassionate from the